For example attempts to justify a theft usually explain the motives (e.g., to feed a starving family). It is obvious from the start that Holden uses the hat as a mark of individuality and independence. Another important writer of this period is William Faulkner with his works The Sound and the Furry, Light in August and The Hamlet. It is like when polysemantic words in English and other languages do not coincide in their lexical-semantic variants and the same is when differ the function of identical stylistic device. It is an implicit comparison of two unlike objects. The author used a lot of comparison in his work because through this stylistic devices J. D. Salinger introduce to the reader a lot of details of his characters and about his work. When he actually gets to the museum, he decides not to go in; that would require disturbing his fragile imaginative construction by making it encounter the real world. Stradlater wanted holden to write it but he did not want to write it. Holden has to be in the mood to do anything. For this reason, the translator plays an important role as a bilingual or multi-lingual cross-cultural transmitter of culture and truths by attempting to interpret concepts and speech in a variety of texts as faithfully and accurately as possible. This is an important distinction because we need to be able to understand and explain terrible events and behavior in attempting to discourage it. The ducks vanish every winter, but they return every spring, thus symbolizing change that isn't permanent, but cyclical. Let us know your assignment type and we'll make sure to get you exactly the kind of answer you need. This twofold approach, social and cultural, can help better understand the whole context in which Salinger produced his literary masterpiece, which in turn can greatly help in understanding the reception of the novel in the two cultures and its status in contemporary society. Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text's major themes. Paradigmatic equivalence, where there is equivalence of `the elements of a paradigmatic expressive axis', i.e. From this type of the translation difficulties used in this novel point out one of the main feature of authors style which is that the message of the novel could be better reproduse and easily understand by the reader. similarities between behaviorism and social cognitive theory; . That's all I'd do all day. It is not the specific items an expression contains but rather the meaning it conveys and its association with culture-specific contexts which can make it untranslatable or difficult to translate. It was tried to give a detailed study of the features of translation difficulties. Home from his date, Stradlater barges into the room. Though he was two years younger than Holden, Holden says that Allie was the most intelligent member of his family. Moreover, the characters created by Salinger used to have some obstacles to fins their own happiness; but, suddenly, it appears the religion as a solution, as a way of liberation: it supposes the end of the suffering for each character. First of all we should account for the techniques or the main pont of an analyse such as translation dificulties and lexical peculiarities that are used during the Modern Age for pointing out the most esential meaning of the writings that were written during the period. The symbol of isolation lies in the hat that Holden wears while he is writing. Renews March 10, 2023 He lets the reader know how the character feels at that time and his or her thoughts. Intralinguistic transfer can also be illustrated by stylistic differentiation. Salinger is one of the best twentieth-century America authors. After a dry and unappetizing steak dinner in the dining hall, Holden gets into a snowball fight with some of the other Pencey boys. and how should i write it.. pls and thanks" eNotes Editorial, 27 Mar. Idiomatic and fixed expressions have individual collocational patterns. He is a nonconformist. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Every language worked out its own clichs and some set expressions used by speakers, nevertheless those word expressions are not phraseological units but they possess complete form, which, in comparison with the phraseological units, are never broken by adding some introductory words or substitution of some of its elements. The only instances that create problems for the translator are the stable, recurrent lexical idioms that for their metaphorical meaning do not rely only on the readers logic at the moment of reading but also, and above all, on the value that such a metaphor has assumed in the history of the language under discussion. Use of contractions: youll, dont, theyre, thats, isnt, hes. None of their constituents may be substituted with words of similar meaning. Practically, even identical words in different languages are not always equal in their meaning, they never correspond completely. Like hell it is. I took it off and looked at it. Lotman describes literature and art in general as a secondary modelling systems, as an indication of the fact that they are derived from the primary modelling system of language, and declares as firmly as Sapir or Whorf that `No language can exist unless it is stepped in the context of culture; and no culture can exist which does not have at its centre, the structure of natural language.' Jerome David "J. D." Salinger is an American author, best known for his 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye, as well as his reclusive nature. This may be intended to explain why he doesn't write about his adventures and misadventures in New York until some time after these events have occurred. To this I can also add the already discussed idea that even native speakers can get more meanings from a ST and its translation than by simply reading the ST in original. They used to live near each other and hung out over the summer, Holden really liked her. It is probably significant that Holden sells his typewriter to Frederick Woodruff before leaving Pencey. J. D. Salinger used a lot of epithets in his work The Cather in the Ray in order to present a good characteristic of the characters which are in the work and of the objects that he used in his work the epithets were used for pointing out to the reader some of the properties or features of the characters and of the objects with the aim of giving an individual perception and evaluation of these features or properties. Idiom generally have three characteristics: Translation is an exacting art. Salinger a very controversial writer, for the subject matters that he writes. Stylistic device that was used in the novel The Cather in the Ray written by J. D. Salinger is peculiar use of set expression which was used in the form of quotations the quotation could be easily identify in some chapters of the novel. If you do, you start missing everybody"? J. D. Salinger is one of the main representatives of the Modern literature which is experimented with a wide variety of new approaches and techniques, producing a remarkably diverse body of literature. Metaphor is transference of some quality from one object to another. Did you know that we have over 70,000 essays on 3,000 topics in our Another important aspect of this chapter focused on the presentation of the major themes developed by Salinger in his novel, in the Nine Stories collection and in some of his mature and last publications until 1965 when he stopped publishing his writings. As a result, he has isolated himself and fears intimacy. He travels to New York at Christmastime to make a genuine human connection with another person.. Finally, Holden senses sometimes that the words he is using are not quite right, that language fails him: "I don't exactly know what I mean by that," he says at one point, "but I mean it." Home from his date, Stradlater barges into the room. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1994; Stern, James. SparkNotes PLUS The conversation succinctly illuminates key aspects of Holden's character. The Atlantic Bookshelf, Vol. Following the idea of transferring the jargon, its adopted an idiomatic translation: A translation strategy that consists of producing a target text that conforms to the conventions established in the target language and to the spontaneous form of expression commonly used by native speakers., This novel is one of the most famous American novels in the 20th century and is strongly bound to American society. Holden is dealing with the loss of his brother, the fact that he his still a child on his way to adulthood and some serious emotions. The law of compensation is a technique used in translation to make up for the losses present in the TT and it works by (re)creating other effects, similar to the ones specific to the ST but in the TT when possible and using the TL resources, a law applicable in the Romanian versions discussed. But it can also be said that a more diversified way of translating the same linguistic structures may indicate a better adaptation to the TL, although the psychological effect on the readers of Holdens linguistic repetitions is not as strong as in the ST. Inter-lingual translation or translation proper (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language). The difference is that the attempt is not to settle whether or not some claim is true, it is to show why it is true. This brief passage occurs in Chapter 3, after Holden has returned to his dorm room and is being pestered by Ackley. The author used a lot of stylistic devices of these kinds in order to capture readers attention to the smallest elements used by the writer for pointing out those elements that could not be used without those peculiarities of Modernists writers. These mistakes are caused not only by difference in their semantic structure but by the difference of their usage as well which demand lexical changes. In the book there are many examples of the theme of the painfulness of growing up in the book. What are some of the things Holden tells Stradlater about her? "When Holden writes composition for Stradlater in "The Catcher in the Rye, does that represent isolation? If originally published today, the novel would probably create little publicity and garner only average book sales. Here will be discussed the impact Salinger had, and still has, on writers worldwide. An idiom or fixed expression may have a similar counterpart in the target language, but its context of use may be different; the two expressions may have different connotations, for instance, or they may not be pragmatically transferable. | The difficulties while translating are connected most of all with conveyance of national character of one or another work: the brighter it reflects national life the more illuminate characteristic situations the more difficult for the translator to find adequate functional figurative means. Holden dated her until her father made them stop seeing each other. Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. J. D. Salinger: [USA] The Catcher in the Rye, L, Penguin, 1958. . and visits me practically every week-end. It cost him damn near four thousand bucks. ; Young goats, their meat, or leather made from their hides. The Catcher In the Rye are both among the most important novels of the twentieth century. Theyre quite touchy about anything like that, especially my father. It is suggested to be drastic with text omissions, but it was found as an important feature to point out to the students all the positive aspects of meaning of her/his translation. That's a deer shooting hat.. Every statement made about the work by a reader of the translation should also be true of the original text. CompletelyFlammable 2 yr. ago. We are lucky to present you. Its impossible. Few linguists have endeavored to clearly define what constitutes slang. The lexical translation consists in expliciting through other words the denotative meaning of the phraseologism, giving up all the other style and connotation aspects. Salinger, J.D. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. It reveals potential expressiveness put in the lexical morphologic and syntactic means of a language. In translation from English to other languages it is faced the conflict of two completely different cultures, levels of development, customs and traditions. In The Catcher in the Rye, how does Holden describe his mother? Arguments and explanations largely resemble each other inrhetoricaluse. So his main characters (who have a lot of obstacles) learn about happiness. Need urgent help with your paper? Free trial is available to new customers only. The author used this kind of interjection in order to describe Holdens surprise to the question given by the old Spenser Oh, well its long story (J. D. Salinger: 29) J. D. Salinger used this interjection in order to demonstrate that Holden didnt know the story. We can see that it were negative comments, hard criticsMany critics told that there wasnt any novel that went into the adolescence as this Salingers work. He ran a tired hand through his hair.The word tired logically is linked with he, syntactically with hand. It was discussed the reasons which led to the negative reactions around The Catcher in the Rye and its repeated banning and removal from schools and high schools reading lists since its first publication until nowadays, and also some similar cases in American literature. But Holden's interaction with Mr. Antolini is the event that precipitates his full-blown breakdown. Intra-lingual translation or rewording (an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language). It has also expressed my belief that a literary translation should not compete with the original, its main task being that of recreating the same atmosphere and the same effect of the ST on the TT readers and to make the readers understand the original text no matter if they speak or do not speak the SL since it is said that a translation can even make native speakers of a language better understand a SL text. Stuff may also refer to: This word appear in the novel from the first pages ofthe noveland the author used the all meanings of the word stuff. Holden has issues with sex and manhood, and both are issues when he learns that Stradlater and Jane are going on a date. Difference in the semantic structure of a word represents one of the main reason causing lexical difficulties in translation. Supplementations of parts of speech are characterized by several factors: difference in structures of the sentences and that short English sentences demand spread translation in the Romanian language. In the wake of Modernism, and post-enlightenment, meet narratives tended to be emancipator, whereas beforehand this was not a consistent characteristic. It is important to be aware when an explanation isnota justification. This shows that Holden wants to save him and other people from growing up one day. The main task of a translator is to remember and take into account all the difficulties of translation and render the authors thought as accurate as possible using different literal devices employed originally by the author. One detail he says is "The best thing, though, in that museum was that everything always stayed right where it was. These differences are related to peculiar features of separate words or word groups. In this graduation paper there are given such methods of investigation: The goal of this paper is to discover the lexical peculiarities and difficulties in translation from English into Romanian. Contextual meaning of a word in many instances depends on the character of semantic context, on the semantics of the words combining with it. The mitt is representative of a "loss of innocence". However, market requirements are increasingly demanding that translators transfer texts to a target language that is not their mother tongue, but a foreign language. As the book progresses, however, we learn that Holden has built cynical psychological armour around himself to protect himself from the complexities of the world. Furthermore, it should be point out major differences in the translation of Salingers use of colloquial and taboo language in the English and Romanian versions, the Romanian version was the farthest because of its abundant use of euphemisms and euphemistic formulations throughout the book. Some game. Salinger is not only a deeply national, original writer but also a modern writer. Such situations made the translators task and work tremendously difficult because they had to find ways of compensating the loss caused by the inability of recreating a similar effect in the TT because Romanian has a system in which words are written the same way they are read as opposed to English which has a different system. One of the central questions that Holden asks in the book, and never receives a satisfactory answer to, is how can a young person die and the world, his family, accept it and move on with their lives. Slang- is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker's dialect or language. The consequent need for a unifying function brought about a growth in the political importance of culture. Another important aspect concerning the importance of translations in general, and of Salingers s Romanian version in particular, is that much of the target audience has access to a literary text only through its translation in the TL. The following problem which demands careful consideration in lexical transformations of translation is problem of word combinability. Salinger uses religion as a means for liberation. The theme of the painfulness of growing up is very important in the book. I was wondering where the ducks went when the lagoon got all icy and frozen over. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. False friends (or faux amis) are pairs of words in two languages or dialects (or letters in two alphabets) that look or sound similar, but differ in meaning. The point the authors trying to make is the pond itself becomes a minor metaphor for the world as Holden sees it, because it is partly frozen and partly not frozen. Paradigmatic and semantic relations are characteristic to any words and the lexical potential of words can be revealed in both cases. In the words of Nida and Taber (1974): Translating consists of reproducing, in the target language, the nearest equivalent to the message in the source language, in the first place in the semantic aspect and, in the second place, in the stylistic aspect. Along with traditional combinations in languages unexpected combinations are also possible, but they are quite clear, for they follow generally accepted semantic models of word combinability. In this first chapter were also presented major biographical data on Salingers life and on his literary works in chronological order in order to emphasize the similarities and differences between his life and some of the events presented in his fiction. The conclusion is that generally they have been successfully rendered and they have usually followed the ST.. Using our knowledge of collocational patterns may not always tell us what an idiom means but it could easily help us in many cases to recognize an idiom, particularly one which has a literal as well as a non-literal meaning. Separation of meanings and senses from the context, Despairing individual behaviors in the face of an unmanageable future, Objection of the traditional thoughts and the traditional moralities. Another example was Salingers use of imitation of spoken English in written. The first time period was during World War II, and the second time period was during the 1960s. He is best known for his book, Catcher in the Rye, a book about a seventeen-year-old teenager, struggling through his teenager years, falling into a depression and trying to understand the real world. The New Republic, Vol. From the investigated material it can be concluded that: Researching this paper is established that: J. D. Salinger is one of the main representatives of the Modern literature which is experimented with a wide variety of new approaches and techniques, producing a remarkably diverse body of literature. From History to Procedures, Zainurrahman 2009; Breit, Harvey. Nevertheless such cases are not always losses in translation. The way a language chooses to express, or not express, various meanings cannot be predicted and only occasionally matches the way another language chooses to express the same meanings. The symbol of isolation lies in the hat that Holden wears while he is writing. D.B also was a soilder. Drugs, used so as to be inconspicuous, but euphemistic. Contact us But in real-world relationships, people talk back, and Phoebe reveals how different her childhood is from Holden's romanticized notion. It often used in stylistic purposes and therefore a translator runs into two obstacles: he should avoid and at the same time not to break the norms of translation. [email protected]. Why is Holden worried about Jane and her date with Stradlater? Holden relentlessly insults Stradlater, driving him crazy until he punches Holden and bloodies his nose. This first type of difficulty is the task of distinguishing between a use of a word as a specialized term and its use as a word of general vocabulary. Mr. Antolini's words here resonate with the desires Holden has just expressed to Phoebe: like the catcher in the rye that Holden envisions, Mr. Antolini is trying to catch Holden in the midst of a fall. But the fall Mr. Antolini describes is very different from the one Holden had imagined. The purpose of metaphor is to liven up the text, make it more colorful, dramatic and witty - that is, metaphor carries out an emotive function. Holden's isolation is expressed in the fact that while Stradlater goes out on a date, Holden is all alone in his dorm room, doing homework for his roommate. From the investigated material was defined that: A translation difficulty is a problem that could be met in the process of translation because a translation is the same text in a different language. What is the setting for The Catcher in the Rye? Explanations are often used within arguments and presented so as to serveas arguments. Once the idiom has been recognized and understood, the task is not yet finished: in the contrary, one could say that has just begun. They think that society is harmful and they dont like to be in it. If the two senses of the same word do not seem to fit, yet seem related, then it is likely that they are polysemous. In the end, The Catcher in the Rye will continue to be a point of great public and critical debate. (young-adult literature)", 2007; http://www.ttt.org/theory/difficulties.htlm; Cay Dollerup, Basics of Translation Studies, Institutul Europa; New Dictionary of American Slang, Harper & Row, Publishers 1986, Collins Cobuild English Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers. . Use of short sentences and AND clauses that link short sentences: That isnt too far from this crumby place. An idiom may be used in the source text in both its literal and idiomatic senses at the same time. Louis Menand agrees, writing in The New Yorker that Salinger "stopped writing stories, in the conventional sense. He seemed to lose interest in fiction as an art formperhaps he thought there was something manipulative or inauthentic about literary device and authorial control." First and foremost, Stradlater strikes Holden as a "hotshot," which in his lexicon is another word for "phony.". Those are the statements given to us by the Declaration of Independence. Metaphor is inherent in language. The comparisons that were used in The Cather in the Ray are pretty as hell (J.D.Salinger:12) through this stylistic devices the author pointed out to the reader the that everything in Holdens life which was worse was compared with the source of the bad things which is HELL, and the usage of this word by the author showed to the reader that there are no any another bad places like HELL. Hes trying to get across that Holden hates conflict, hes confused by Allies senseless death, and he fears interaction with other people. Rev. Why does Holden hate Ackley? Volume 17, The World book Encyclopedia, World Book Inc a Scott Fetzer Company Chicago London Sydney Toronto 1997; http://www.digischool.nl/ckv1/literatuur/salinger/salinger1.htm. You Have to Read in the course of. Holden tears the composition up and throws it away angrily. He asks Holden to write a composition for him for English. Grammatical transformations are characterized by various principles grammatical and lexical as well, though the principal role is given to grammatical ones. At the same time, he is very self-conscious about the hathe always mentions when he is wearing it, and he often doesn't wear it if he is going to be around people he knows.
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