It was designed so you must release the trigger between firing and re chambering before re pulling the trigger to fire the gun again. The practice is deeply rooted in our constitutional history and tradition. Firearms & Survivalists Lifestyle You can also shoot slugs and buckshot through these, so were gonna go ahead and take a shot at about twenty yards at the red shootsteel target, and just see how she patterns. It is a popular choice for home defense and hunting. Something to keep in mind these days, people might not be fighting with the most modern, optimized arms. The ammunition used in this design was loaded with match heads finely ground into an improvised gun powder. The crude, homemade weapons - which first emerged in the Philippines during World War II - are deadly but can also be dangerous to the user if they misfire. The answer to this question is a bit complicated. Tell us your thoughts about it in the comments section below! Only time will tell at this point if he'll put . And look at what it does to the 20gauge shell! Additionally, the cost of serialization may also vary depending on the location where it is being done. An over/under Stevens 420 in .410 made 75 years ago set me back $110, and a bolt-action Sears 12-gauge cost me $60. However, its important to note that slam firing can also be dangerous. Even more surprising, in most states, a gun made wholly or even twenty percent at home need not be registered, and the owner need not pass a background check or obtain a license. But then, one must actually read it. To fire the Pop-A 410 you load the chamber, shoulder the pipe shotgun, take hold of the forward grip, aim, and slam the barrel rearward. Snap. 17360. In this case, the end result was to register it as an AOW (Any Other Weapon). Lets go look at the target! As is true for their ghost gun cousins, instructions, guides, and highly detailed schematics for how to create 3D printed guns are readily available on the internet, generally from anonymous sources. When done correctly, it can help you to fire multiple rounds in quick succession. Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information, Second Amendment's guarantee of the right to keep and bear arms, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The University of California Police Department (UCPD) said they received a call at roughly 4:17 p.m. about a person who was on fire. Some people use a device known as a slamfire trigger to achieve the effect. In most states, you can only possess a sawn off shotgun if you have a license or permit. Above: For the cost of a completed Pop-A 410, a shooter can pick up a purpose-built shotgun in the same caliber, many made before 1968 also lack a serial number such as this single-shot Winchester Model 37 and an over/under Stevens Model 420. The main reason is that the process is labor intensive. THE 'ZIP' GUN (Measurements in millimetres unless otherwise stated) The Zip, or Pen Gun, as it is sometimes referred to, is perhaps the simplest of all improvised firearms and is usually found in .22 calibre due to the relatively low pressures generated by this small cartridge. Its pretty darn good. Also, if there are no restrictionsto the individuals, say convicted felons. .357 Magnum Slam Fire Carbine Build. In addition, the person must pass a background check and register the firearm. I saw someone with a homemade slam fire pipe shotgun. Fighters have been producing these in quite large numbers which can be made using locally scavenged gas pipe for barrels, steel plate and wood. Anytime you're facing a charge for unlawful gun possession, or want to know whether a state's laws allow you to possess a particular kind of gun, you should talk to an experienced criminal defense lawyer in your area. Plus, putting it together may provide a better sense of how firearms work, along with the pride we all get whenever we build something with our own two hands. Disclosure: These links are affiliate links. The Gun Control Act of 1968 requires individuals with business in the gun manufacture and sale to be licensed by the federal government. All rights reserved. Schedule 40 black iron pipe is sold in a number of sizes. After about a week, it arrived. Penal Code 18150, 29825 (2022).). First, you'll need to make sure you're following all local laws and regulations when it comes to firearms. BUILDING the SLAM FIRE SHOTGUN It's legal for gun owners to build their own firearms, so long as they can legally own and possess what they're building convicted felons or other prohibited persons cannot. The slam gun is also known as a spring gun or a piston gun. While the barrel length was certainly legal if you were building a shotgun, the overall length was below 26 inches. The slam gun is a simple and effective weapon that can be used to fire projectiles at a distance. Shoot the at close range ambush. Either by laws of man or the laws of nature, guns are powerful tools which entail a huge responsibility. However, it is important to check with your local law enforcement agency to ensure that there are no restrictions in your area. None of these firearms have serial numbers; neither do a handful of 22 bolt-action and single-shot rifles Ive acquired over the years. The opportunities to inspect these firearms and enforce the metal rule are practically nil. Store your multi-tool in the hollow pistol grip. Slam firing can be a useful technique for improving your accuracy and rate of fire. Now seldom seen where originally produced in the Philippines, these remain a very popular weapon in Thailand and are traded quite openly. Beretta 690 Field III | Gun Carrier Shotgun Reviews. The slam fire shotgun barrels measured 19.5 inches, and the overall length was 20 inches. The impact of the firing pins against the primers of the shells causes ignition and fires the projectile. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); I remember reading Kurt Saxon's 4 Winds Shotgun instructions in the late '90s. The next step is to check that the -inch pipe will fit inside the 1-inch pipe. There are a number of different ways to make a slam fire shotgun, but all of them involve altering the gun so that it can be fired without needing to pull the trigger. When compiling the items needed to finish it up, I went to double check on the website what a jam nipple was and realized the firing pin wasnt included in the shipment. So check that video out if you want to see that. Clamp the other grip on the longer pipe about 3 or 4 inches back from the muzzle end. Examine your ammunition types on hand and see how they fit in various pipes or tubes. Once you have an idea on how everything lines up, you can make it semi-permanent by using plumbers tape, Loctite, or another adhesive. Schedule 40 black iron pipe is sold in a number of sizes. While specific laws vary from place to place, generally there are no laws against making your own shotgun. Hoh! The impact of the firing pin against the primer of the shell causes ignition and fires the projectile. The information presented here is for general educational purposes only. Both barrels fired simultaneously 90 percent of the time. People who buy unfinished receivers or kits to make ghost guns aren't subject to traditional background checks, and aren't restricted by criminal or mental health history. Bud-Ks customer service desk began looking for extras in their warehouse. Federal law prohibits gun ownership by people who are subject to domestic violence restraining orders (imposed after a hearing), illegal drug users, mentally ill (if determined by a judge), immigrants who have entered the country unlawfully, dishonorably discharged former members of the military, or fugitives from justice (people who are on the run from the law). One really cool thing about slamfires is that, whenever youre shooting, you can go ahead and shoot one Ill show you the trick here. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. Here's a video of a shootout between PDF rebels and junta forces using homemade 12g break-barrel shotguns. Feb 26, 2016. Yes, homemade Slam fire shotguns are legal. They might line up perfectly while only grasping two or three threads, but then would be totally out of alignment when tightened all the way down. Flare guns, or signal launchers, have been around for ages. They were originally designed for trench warfare. Over the years Ive acquired single-shot shotguns made by Hopkins & Allen, New England Firearms, Harrington & Richardson, Iver Johnson, Savage/Stevens, and Winchester for less than $90 each and in the case of the Hopkins & Allen and Stevens models, less than $40. In general, the shortest shotgun you can legally own is a sawn off shotgun. A sawn off shotgun is a shotgun that has been shortened by cutting down the barrel and/or the stock. Would you be able to handle making this homemade black pipe shotgun in an SHTF situation? Well it looks like we patterned pretty good. The attorney listings on this site are paid attorney advertising. 921(a)(21)(C);18 U.S.C 922(t); 18 U.S.C. There may also be other applicable laws where you live, so double check the regulations in your jurisdiction. CLAIM YOUR FREE ANKLE HOLSTER: CLICK HERE It's more important than ever to carry a handgun with a premium ankle holster in today's America with violent rioters, the mentally ill, and defunded police departments. Place them all in the mortar, moisten for safety, and grind them together with the pestle for 10 minutes or longer. You could go with a black powder muzzle loader design, then it isnt a firearm. Most people would walk right by these pieces of black pipe, not knowing you could turn them into a deadly piece of plumbing for anyone on the wrong end of this boomstick. Always make sure the gun is pointed in a safe direction and be aware of the recoil. A simple project like this can act as food for your mind. When slam firing a shotgun, you must keep your hand on the foregrip and your finger out of the trigger guard. She may not be pretty, but the JBB-12 is effective and can be either a fun I made this project, or a weapon of last resort when its the only thing you can lay hands on. The weapons were manufactured by SWD Inc. and sold by Cobray from 1987 to 1990; 1,452 were made in total. Last year, we built a 410-gauge shotgun from a kit and a lot of pipe fittings for our sister magazine RECOIL OFFGRID. Iowa Legalizes Civilian Suppressor Ownership. So this time, we set about building one relying purely on Home Depots inventory to build a Slam Fire Shotgun. Well, it would have been,. This could include information about the guns owner, the guns history, and other sensitive data. Every automatic shotgun ever produced works the same way. Learning to make a black pipe shotgun creates a need in a survival situation or the dreaded SHTF! It is important to keep in mind, however, that this is just a general estimate and that the actual cost may be higher or lower depending on the specific circumstances. Serialization is a process that is well worth the investment, but you dont want to overpay for it. Only one barrel successfully discharged, so we tightened down the set screw on the faulty chamber and slammed it again. One common way to do this is to drill a hole through the firing pin and the bolt, and then to use a spring to hold the firing pin in place. These are short nipples that are completely threaded. A Slam fire shotgun is a type of shotgun that allows the shooter to fire the weapon continuously by holding down the trigger. And by the way, that 20gauge is loaded. I had one at one time. Their original and still-intended use is that of distress signaling, generally in a marine environment. "You don't need an AR-15 - it's . Cold Steel's Lynn Thompson's Never Unarmed DVDs show a lot more when it comes to personal defense with less optimal arms like a single barrel shotgun. An experienced attorney can advise you about your rights and ensure you're protected. The classification is also applied to firearms with one rifled and one smoothbore barrel under the 18- or 26-inch minimum requirements, like the old Marbles Game Getter. You can leave the Pop-A 410 unfinished, in the white, or you can break out some Krylon, Duracoat, or even Cerakote if you feel fancy and coat it in a protective finish. Basically, you have a barrel that is separate from the receiver, and there is a fixed firing pin at the back end here that sets off the round whenever you push the barrel to the rear.Some survivalist preppers have experimented by building them with steel pipes. Is this legal to make? There may also be other applicable laws where you live, so double-check the regulations in your jurisdiction. I think we might wanna just step back a little bit. With that in mind, we set out to build a slam fire shotgun in 12-gauge. Theres a preview on YouTube from Thunder Ranchs Defensive Shotgun DVD showing what Clint Smith can do with a single barrel shotgun with a leather butt cuff. Your email address will not be published. You can make the frond easier to rack by wrapping the pipe sections in burlap (as shown), parachute cord, wire, or rubber from a bicycle inner tube. Please read ourfull disclaimer here. If they were unsuccessful, theyd have me return the kit in exchange for a new one. While I love homemade guns I would much rather have something safe for use both now and when SHTF. Wait so your saying if I home build a completly new type of firearm? Disclaimer: Its legal for you to build your own firearms. If you are interested in owning a sawn off shotgun, you should check with your states firearms regulations to make sure you are in compliance with the law. Cold Steels Lynn Thompsons Never Unarmed DVDs show a lot more when it comes to personal defense with less optimal arms like a single barrel shotgun. You can somewhat-intentionally fire a single barrel instead of two by altering your angle when you slam. In 2013, a federal House Bill that was intended to ban unfinished receivers used to create assault weapons failed to pass (H.R. People can also make homemade firearms using 3D printers. While it has always been legal for people to make homemade guns, in practical terms the process hasn't been so easy. Lets go ahead and shoot the other slamfire, just show you what it can do. ), A person's criminal history is not the only factor that can lead to losing the right to possess a gun. One of the downside to a slam fire gun is that its basically a one shot deal. This is a small metal device that is inserted into the trigger guard of the shotgun. If you have a short bbl. Its a little rusty, but at least I can pump a round in there and show you. Pieces of black pipes can turn into deadly weapons with this homemade black pipe shotgun guide, but take extra caution with this information! Alright lets step back. A shotgun's primary purpose is hunting. Your email address will not be published. Beyond that, we must warn you though, of the dangers involved in homemade shotguns. However, modern technology has addressed many of these challenges, by offering "partial receivers" and the ability to make a gun using 3D printing. When it comes to shotguns, there is no one size fits all answer. It might come as somewhat of a surprise that even in this era of regulation, it's still completely legal to make and own a homemade gun (also called a self-assembled or privately made gun). A crucial piece of this assembly is the -inch tee piece. In 2009, copies of the MAC machine pistol were confiscated. Your email address will not be published. INSPIRATION for the SLAM FIRE RIFLE. It's more important than ever to carry a handgun with a premium ankle holster in today's America with violent rioters, the mentally ill, and defunded police departments. Reviews. You use them to sneak up on occupier lone guard troops. Explore. If it is made from the actual design of the Richardson Guerrilla Gun, then yes it is perfectly legal to make as it is NOT a zip gun pursuant to PC 17360 (b) because it WAS originally designed to be a firearm by a manufacturer licensed pursuant to Chapter 44 (commencing with Section 921) of Title 18 of the United States Code and the regulations issued pursuant thereto, specifically Richardson Industries. It it still a firearm per California law. Everyone who already owns a homemade gun or an unfinished receiver or other "firearm precursor" must apply for a serial number or identifying mark by January 1, 2024. When selecting a -inch pipe, try to bring a few different types of shotgun shells with you to see if theyll fit. Schedule 40 black iron pipe is sold in a number of sizes. Copyright 2023 MH Sub I, LLC dba Nolo Self-help services may not be permitted in all states. Unfortunately on this occasion the officer manning the table was apparently instantly confused by the bag of pipes before him and cash was not offered. Above: A homemade shotgun is one of the few firearms you can build without using any actual gun parts; the JBB-12 is a volley . 609-882-2000 Extension 2290 (Phone) 609-406-9826 Fax. This acts as your receiver, for lack of a better term, and the firing pin should be able to pass completely through it. This can be especially useful if you need to access this data from multiple locations or devices. Above: It may not be a collector-grade, heirloom-quality firearm, but the Pop-A 410 survival shotgun represents a learning tool and a lightweight firearm that may be enough to keep you alive. All Rights Reserved | View Non-AMP Version. In fact you stand a far greater chance of a hinge gun "doubling" than you do having an unintended shot fired with a Model 12. These five parts comprise a basic slam-fire gun. Oh man. I made a video on doing this completely throughout the video, and its a really cool video, you should check it out. Watch. After a quick trip to Home Depot and $32 later, I had everything I needed to put the Pop-A 410 together. People convicted of felonies, as well as some kinds of misdemeanors, can't legally possess a gunhomemade or otherwise. Jul 7, 2019 - Describing the build, and firing my home made TALON 12 gauge slam-fire / slide-fire shotgun. This is a repeating 12gauge slamfire, Ive got a video out on it if you want to check it out, Ill put a link in the description, but basically its a self-loading 12-gauge that is a slamfire thats fed from the hopper up here. Follow us onFacebook,Instagram,Twitter,Tumbler, andPinterest! The 17-year-old had persuaded. If youre mainly intrigued by the fact that you can build a firearm without a serial number and wondering why you'd invest the time and money in one of these, there are other alternatives. 1 Stephen Milton PC System Builder Upvoted by Quora User , Forty years of firearms experience; student of the gun. Just use a drill and drill a few holes in a line then angle the drill to cut a slot. 922 (d) (2022).) These arent just rusty single-shot cracked-stock scatterguns, either. So this time, we set about building one relying purely on Home Depots inventory to build a Slam Fire Shotgun. It turned out that it was. Always exercise due diligence before purchasing any product or service. Please reference the Terms of Use and the Supplemental Terms for specific information related to your state. Disclaimer: The contents of this article are for informational purposes only. The growing number of states that have similar laws regulating ghost guns, 3D printed guns, or both, include Connecticut, Delaware, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Virginia, and Washington. The point of pipe guns is they are quick and unregistered. Yes, I have a Winchester Model 1897 which is the classic slam fire shotgun. The pipe shotgun package arrived via FedEx Smart Solutions, meaning that FedEx did all the heavy lifting getting it to within 20 miles of me and transferring final delivery to my local post office. CMG West, its parent entities, and subsidiaries shall be held harmless in the event any entity acts on information provided in this article. Ammo Lingo Part II: Understanding +P Ammunition, Different Types of Ammo For Different Guns, Modern Shooter: An In Depth Look At 38 Special, 5 Black Friday Shopping Tips For The Outdoorsman, Heres Why You Need To Bulk Up On Ammo Purchases Now, What You Need To Know About Buying Ammo Online, Custom Hunting Rifles Part 1 Magpul Hunter 700 Remington SPS AAC Precision Rifle, American Hunting Rifles In Action | The Ruger American Rifle, Ruger Listened To Their Customers, And The American Compact Was Born, THE BEST ALTERNATIVE TO A FIREARM? Its legal for gun owners to build their own firearms, so long as they can legally own and possess what theyre building convicted felons or other prohibited persons cannot. But it shoots this grappling hook, its a really really fun gun to shoot. These guns can be very dangerous if they are not handled correctly, and can easily result in injuries or fatalities. A ghost gun, as the name implies, is hard to pin down and track. Some glorious individual decided to take a duffel bag full of improvised slam-fire shotguns (of legal length) to a local gun buyback which was offering $50 for each gun handed in. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Still perfectly legal to make a slam fire pump shotgun, it's just not cost effective. We emptied the shot out of a pair of mini shells about 1.75 inches long. While it might interest some folks as a simple DIY project I don't see any practical reason for shelling out upwards of a couple of hundred dollars on a kit and assorted parts to build a slam fire shotgun in a gage that has limited power, range, and effectiveness when I can easily purchase a used . The Terminator was designed by John P. Foote in the mid-1980s. You also might want to say a Hail Mary that you dont blow yourself up in the process. Next, we moved up to live ammo, again in the form of mini shells, then eventually a few 2-inch loads from bird shot to #4 buck shot. But yeah, this thing is rusty as all getout. By Janet Portman, Attorney | Updated by Kelly Martin, Attorney Unable to process your request due to a server error (500) Defend your rights. Moreover, putting it together may give you a better sense of how firearms work. Click here to get all the details. The cost of serializing a gun will vary depending on a number of factors. The slam gun is fired by compressing the spring and then releasing it. And unless a state law requires serial numbers for homemade guns (see "Are Ghost Guns Legal," below), the guns are untraceable because their receivers (which were originally unfinished) lack serial numbers. I think you may find your answer on this page (or if not search around the Cal guns foundation site and you should find what you're looking for. Alright, lets go for the middle ShootSteel green target.[KA-PLAAANG]. RELATED: 14 DIY Badass Weapons That Can Save Your Life When SHTF [2nd Edition]. Model 37 Ithicas do the same thing. Many sellers host "building parties," where buyers come together to share tools and expertise and assemble their firearms. In fact, its a technique that can be used to improve your accuracy and increase your rate of fire. We used an 8-40 tap because that was the size of the set screws we had on hand. Shoulder it, take aim, and slam the shell rearward into the firing pin. Numerous sources are claiming some homemade shotguns were sold to the city at the event. If someone manages to steal your serialized ghost gun, they will be able to access all of the data related to the gun. Touch device users, explore by touch or . But yeah, this is a fun gun to shoot. The simple answer is yes, you absolutely can slam fire shotguns. This can make the guns attractive to people who use them for criminal activity. 3D printers are widely commercially available at relatively modest prices. It's fairly similar in function to the Richardson slam fire guerilla shotgun shown above but uses different, more commonly available parts. BUILDING the SLAM FIRE SHOTGUN It's legal for gun owners to build their own firearms, so long as they can legally own and possess what they're building convicted felons or other prohibited persons cannot. 38.7K subscribers Subscribe 306K views 3 years ago Today let's take a closer look at a perfectly legal homemade single shot "Slam Fire" shotgun. California, for example, also forbids gun possession by people who know they have an arrest warrant for a felony, and people convicted of certain misdemeanors in the past 10 years (including simple assault or battery, and domestic violence crimes). In the past few years, a do-it-yourself shotgun kit has become popular, billed as a survival gun. However, it is important to be aware of the potential risks associated with this approach. The slam fire shotgun was yet another fun project. Judge Jonathan Carroll jailed Parkinson on Monday and said: ''This was clearly a planned attack - you knew what you were about and you were armed for it. As a result, the . The United States Supreme Court has held that ordinary, law-abiding citizens have a Second Amendment right to keep a gun at home for self-defense and to carry a handgun in public for self-protection. Whats up guys? I have been thinking about making a 10 gauge black powder muzzle loading shotgun. Several retailers carry this kit. So for a home made shotgun as described, it would. Can the Hacksaw Save Bushmasters Unloved Bastard? Bud-K packaged it well enough, but after opening it up I realized there was no instruction sheet. Are there any US licensed manufacturers who have made a bangstick type shotgun design for sale? Some guns are more expensive to serialize than others. As it was a bit heavy and cumbersome, we mounted a piece of pipe to act as a pistol grip. 922(g) (2022); Cal. To learn more about the legality of 3D-printed guns, see Are 3D Printed Guns Legal? Homemade guns like ghost guns and 3D-printed guns require no registration, serial number, or background check under federal law, but many states are imposing these restrictions. Jun 27, 2020. Look at that rust. This fella from Royal Nonsuch Youtuber have created several variations, including this one that shoots a 12 gauge shotgun shell. Once the tip of the firing pin is set, hit it for about 15 seconds with a butane torch to harden it. Some shotgun huh? Slam firing a Winchester Model 12 can be fun and exciting, but it should be done with caution. Alright, lets see if we can get a first-person view of this Ill shoot it at one of the targets down there. A homemade shotgun is one of the few firearms you can build without using any actual gun parts; the JBB-12 is a volley fire 12-gauge AOW (Any Other Weapon). My book on Beretta 391 Disassembly is no longer available. This causes the gun to fire multiple rounds in quick succession. Other people use a method known as bump firing. Sign Up today for our FREE Newsletter and get the latest articles and news delivered right to your inbox. Thats awesome. They were originally designed for trench warfare. Slam firing is a technique where you pull the trigger of a gun repeatedly in quick succession. (18 U.S.C. The key to preparing for a disaster and surviving is the knowledge we obtain and how we successfully apply it. The piston then strikes the projectile, propelling it forward. However, the Court has also acknowledged that the Second Amendment does not confer an unlimited right, and that lawmakers can still impose regulations, such as forbidding some people from possessing them (felons, for example); prohibiting them in places such as schools and government buildings; and imposing conditions and qualifications on their sale, licensing, and regulation. We ordered ours from Bud-K for $130 with free shipping. We reimagined cable. You lie to the Government, it's a Felony, they lie to you, it's Politics! Fitting the pipes was tough, and we used a liberal amount of Lucas Oil Gun Grease to keep the action smooth. A non-licensed person may make a firearm, provided it's not for sale and the maker is not otherwise prohibited from possessing firearms. 1 min read. (See "Are Ghost Guns and 3D Printed Guns Legal?" A short sheetmetal screw with a rounded head could make for an improvised bead sight. A 'handful' of break action 12 gauge shotgun pistols produced locally by illegal gunsmiths in Thailand. Answer (1 of 7): The US government measures barrel length two ways 1. for a revolver or similar, from one end of the barrel to the other, not including the cylinder that holds any ammunition, and, 2. from the breechface to the end of the barrel. However, it is important to check with your local law enforcement agency to ensure that there are no restrictions in your area. A basic way to shoot a follow up shot is to just pull the pipe (barrel) out and stick another round in the front of the barrel, and then you can go ahead and fire that, and itll shoot the empty case out of the end of the barrel, so you dont even have to pull that thing out. This is achieved by using a mechanism that allows the shotgun to be fired without having to release the trigger after each shot. This is a catch-all classification for firearms that dont have a traditional design, such as pen guns, glove guns, and so forth. In the hollow pistol grip I stored a small Gerber Multi-Tool with pliers, large flathead screwdriver, small flat head screwdriver, cross point screwdriver, small knife, nail file, and tweezers. I have two Ithaca 37's which do not have disconnectors. 922(g) (2022); Cal. It's legal for gun owners to build their own firearms, so long as they can legally own and possess what they're building convicted felons or other prohibited persons cannot. The following article is for educational and entertainment purposes only. just to prove to myself that it could be done - oh the stupidity of the young! Most likely, youll need to hog out the inside with a sanding bit. The Pop-A 410 survival shotgun can fill this role, but its more significant along the lines of a first-time gun-builder understanding how a firearm can be built, along with the inspiration for ideas on how to build your own, should you find yourself in a situation where making a firearm from scratch may be your only option.
Ben Raymond Wife,
Metaphors In Long Way Down,
How Much Does A Prosthetic Leg Cost In Mexico,
Articles H
